📝 Executive Summary
The developing El Niño climate pattern could amplify clear-air turbulence over the North Atlantic, increasing fuel consumption, maintenance needs, and flight disruptions for airlines connecting the US and Europe. Carriers face higher operational expenses that may squeeze margins, adding to existing headwinds from fuel prices and labor costs. Investors in airline stocks and ETFs like JETS may need to price in higher risk premiums for transatlantic-exposed names.