#covenants

OP_CSFS and OP_CAT Enable Bitcoin Covenants Without New Consensus Rules

Bitcoin’s OP_CSFS and OP_CAT opcodes allow scripts to enforce spending conditions and verify transaction layouts, advancing trust-minimized covenants natively.

Bitcoin’s APO Upgrade Enables Reusable Pre-Signed Layer-2 Transactions

SIGHASH_ANYPREVOUT (APO) lets Bitcoin signatures authorize any compatible UTXO, enabling more flexible pre-signed transactions for Lightning, vaults, and layer-2 networks without extra…

SpaceX’s High-Grade Debt Draws Skepticism Over Loose Covenants

SpaceX's investment-grade bond offering sparks investor skepticism over covenant quality and leverage, highlighting credit risk in the space industry.

CTV Bitcoin Covenant Upgrade Enables Trust-Minimized Vaults and New Smart Contracts

Bitcoin's OP_CHECKTEMPLATEVERIFY could add native covenants, enabling trust-minimized vaults, congestion control, and programmable money flows without relying on pre-signed transactions or federated…

Bitcoin Covenants: 12 Competing Proposals Aim to Unlock Complex Spending Rules

Bitcoin covenant proposals—twelve competing designs—seek to add complex spending conditions to the network, a long-missing feature that could expand Bitcoin's smart contract…